subject: Melatonin production/transcription of Aa-nat, a gene encoding the key enzyme in melatonin biosynthesis/ Corticosteroid potentiates the response of norepinephrine- stimulation of melatonin biosynthesis
object_opposite: TNF diminishes entire cycle
misc: Fernandes, P. A.C.M./ Cecon, E., Markus/ R. P./ Ferreira/ Z. S./2006
author_year: Fernandes, P. A.C.M., Cecon, E., Markus, R. P. and Ferreira, Z. S. (2006)
journal_volume_page: Journal of Pineal Research/Volume 41/Issue 4/pages 344–350
Thursday, February 26, 2015
Vesicular MASS transmission of Virus
subject: Phosphatidylserine Vesicles Enable Efficient En Bloc Transmission of Enteroviruses
object_opposite: Release of viral particles one at a time, Old paradigm:A central paradigm within virology is that each viral particle largely behaves as an independent infectious unit. Here, we demonstrate that clusters of enteroviral particles are packaged within phosphatidylserine (PS) lipid-enriched vesicles that are non-lytically released from cells and provide greater infection efficiency than free single viral particles. We show that vesicular PS lipids are co-factors to the relevant enterovirus receptors in mediating subsequent infectivity and transmission, in particular to primary human macrophages. We demonstrate that clustered packaging of viral particles within vesicles enables multiple viral RNA genomes to be collectively transferred into single cells.
misc: Clusters of viruses are packaged and released non-lytically in PS lipid vesicles PS lipids are co-factors in mediating subsequent infectivity and transmission PS vesicles provide greater infection efficiency for viruses PS vesicles enable viral genome clusters to be transmitted en bloc cell-to-cell
author_year: Ying-Han Chen/WenLi Du/Marne C. Hagemeijer/Peter M. Takvorian/Cyrilla Pau/Ann Cali/Christine A. Brantner /Erin S. Stempinski/Patricia S. Connelly/Hsin-Chieh Ma/Ping Jiang/Eckard Wimmer/Grégoire Altan-Bonnet/Nihal Altan-Bonnet /12 February 2015
journal_volume_page: Cell/Volume 160/Issue 4/p619–630
object_opposite: Release of viral particles one at a time, Old paradigm:A central paradigm within virology is that each viral particle largely behaves as an independent infectious unit. Here, we demonstrate that clusters of enteroviral particles are packaged within phosphatidylserine (PS) lipid-enriched vesicles that are non-lytically released from cells and provide greater infection efficiency than free single viral particles. We show that vesicular PS lipids are co-factors to the relevant enterovirus receptors in mediating subsequent infectivity and transmission, in particular to primary human macrophages. We demonstrate that clustered packaging of viral particles within vesicles enables multiple viral RNA genomes to be collectively transferred into single cells.
misc: Clusters of viruses are packaged and released non-lytically in PS lipid vesicles PS lipids are co-factors in mediating subsequent infectivity and transmission PS vesicles provide greater infection efficiency for viruses PS vesicles enable viral genome clusters to be transmitted en bloc cell-to-cell
author_year: Ying-Han Chen/WenLi Du/Marne C. Hagemeijer/Peter M. Takvorian/Cyrilla Pau/Ann Cali/Christine A. Brantner /Erin S. Stempinski/Patricia S. Connelly/Hsin-Chieh Ma/Ping Jiang/Eckard Wimmer/Grégoire Altan-Bonnet/Nihal Altan-Bonnet /12 February 2015
journal_volume_page: Cell/Volume 160/Issue 4/p619–630
Wednesday, February 25, 2015
Seasonal changes in Rhesus monkey Th1
subject: Seasonal Variations in Cytokine Expression and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Male Rhesus Monkeys. tH1 GREATER IN WINTER
object_opposite: camphylobacter infections greater in Spring, Th2 ewmained stable all seasons
misc: What are they fed in spring? Would captive vs free Rhesus monkeys show a difference?
author_year: David R. Manna, Mukaila A. Akinbamia, Kenneth G. Gouldb, Aftab A. Ansaric/15 March 2000
journal_volume_page: cellular Immunolog/ Volume 200/ Issue 2/ Pages 105–115
object_opposite: camphylobacter infections greater in Spring, Th2 ewmained stable all seasons
misc: What are they fed in spring? Would captive vs free Rhesus monkeys show a difference?
author_year: David R. Manna, Mukaila A. Akinbamia, Kenneth G. Gouldb, Aftab A. Ansaric/15 March 2000
journal_volume_page: cellular Immunolog/ Volume 200/ Issue 2/ Pages 105–115
Monday, February 23, 2015
2 deoxy Glucose utilized with Cysplatin in Head and Neck cancers
subject: Treatment
with 2DG and cisplatin also caused perturbations in parameters indicative of
oxidative stress/increasing percentage of glutathione disulfide. Exposure of
FaDu cells to the combination of 2DG and cisplatin resulted in a significant
decrease in cell survival when compared with 2DG or cisplatin alone
object_opposite: decreased intracellular total glutathione An inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, l-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine (BSO), sensitized FaDu cells to the cytotoxic effects of 2DG and cisplatin, and these effects were inhibited by NAC
misc: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/67/7/3364.short Article Simultaneous treatment with the thiol antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited parameters indicative of oxidative stress, as well as protected FaDu cells from the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin alone and the combination of 2DG and cisplatin
author_year: Andrean L. Simons/ Iman M. Ahmad/ David M. Mattson1/ Kenneth J. Dornfeld/ Douglas R. Spitz1/07
journal_volume_page: [Cancer Res/67/(7/3364–70]
object_opposite: decreased intracellular total glutathione An inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, l-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine (BSO), sensitized FaDu cells to the cytotoxic effects of 2DG and cisplatin, and these effects were inhibited by NAC
misc: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/67/7/3364.short Article Simultaneous treatment with the thiol antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited parameters indicative of oxidative stress, as well as protected FaDu cells from the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin alone and the combination of 2DG and cisplatin
author_year: Andrean L. Simons/ Iman M. Ahmad/ David M. Mattson1/ Kenneth J. Dornfeld/ Douglas R. Spitz1/07
journal_volume_page: [Cancer Res/67/(7/3364–70]
Sunday, February 22, 2015
inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG),
inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) of glycolysis
Used as tracer in CA,
used to ID tumor
Used as tracer in CA,
used to ID tumor
Lupus/Glycolysis connection
subject: Sudies of Lupus. Metformin and the glucose metabolism inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG), restoration of the defective interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by TC CD4+ T cells
object_opposite: Decreased Interferon Gamma production, Lupus chmistry diminished
misc: normalized T cell metabolism and reversed disease biomarkers. excessive IFN-γ production was significantly reduced by metformin in vitro diminished
author_year: Yiming Yin1, Seung-Chul Choi1, Zhiwei Xu1, Daniel J. Perry1, Howard Seay1, Byron P. Croker1, Eric S. Sobel Todd M. Brusko1 Laurence Morel1,/ 2015
journal_volume_page: sci Translational Med/11/274 pg.274
object_opposite: Decreased Interferon Gamma production, Lupus chmistry diminished
misc: normalized T cell metabolism and reversed disease biomarkers. excessive IFN-γ production was significantly reduced by metformin in vitro diminished
author_year: Yiming Yin1, Seung-Chul Choi1, Zhiwei Xu1, Daniel J. Perry1, Howard Seay1, Byron P. Croker1, Eric S. Sobel Todd M. Brusko1 Laurence Morel1,/ 2015
journal_volume_page: sci Translational Med/11/274 pg.274
Wednesday, February 18, 2015
Metabolic Control of TH1/TH2 differentiation
subject: BCKDH
involved in the metabolism of leucine. Insulin release is stimulated by Glucose
in high levels. Leucine and Alanine also work on Increasing Insulin release by
Increasing activity of BCKDH in the presence of GLUTAMINE. Glutamine is
metabolized to Glutamate (not a secretagogue) via its DEAMINATION Glutamate
Dehydrgenase. Glucose diminishes the leucine activity by diminshing the BCKDH
enzymes' production(dec. the mRNA)
object_opposite: BCKDH = Branched Chain Dehydrogenase. Hyperinsulinemia, which potentially could result from the combined glucose and leucine/glutamine insulin release. Malate is not a secretagouge. Alanine is
misc: bit.ly/1AF2yIr University of Wisconsin
author_year: Micheal MacDonald/91 Deborah McKenie
journal_volume_page: Journal of Biologic Chemistry(266)/1335-40
object_opposite: BCKDH = Branched Chain Dehydrogenase. Hyperinsulinemia, which potentially could result from the combined glucose and leucine/glutamine insulin release. Malate is not a secretagouge. Alanine is
misc: bit.ly/1AF2yIr University of Wisconsin
author_year: Micheal MacDonald/91 Deborah McKenie
journal_volume_page: Journal of Biologic Chemistry(266)/1335-40
Search mTOR
subject: Trained immunity is secondary
to Histone modification.The biochemical characterizations of the β-glucan–trained
monocytes revealed elevated aerobic glycolysis with increased glucose
consumption and lactate production, and higher intracellular ratio of
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to its reduced form (NADH). The
dectin-1–Akt–mTOR–HIF-1α pathway (mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; HIF-1α,
hypoxia-inducible factor–1α) was responsible for the metabolic shift induced by
β-glucan
object_opposite: reduced basal respiration rate, increased glucose consumption and lactate production, and higher intracellular ratio of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to its reduced form (NADH). Note that blockage of the pathway blocked the trained memory
misc: Trained memory. The dectin-1–Akt–mTOR–HIF-1α pathway (mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor–1α) was responsible for the metabolic shift induced by β-glucan
author_year: http://bit.ly/1CE0Rcj
journal_volume_page: http://bit.ly/1CE0Rcj
object_opposite: reduced basal respiration rate, increased glucose consumption and lactate production, and higher intracellular ratio of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to its reduced form (NADH). Note that blockage of the pathway blocked the trained memory
misc: Trained memory. The dectin-1–Akt–mTOR–HIF-1α pathway (mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor–1α) was responsible for the metabolic shift induced by β-glucan
author_year: http://bit.ly/1CE0Rcj
journal_volume_page: http://bit.ly/1CE0Rcj
Search : regulation of T-cell differentiation
subject: Mammalian target of rapamycin
(mTOR), article mTOR, metabolism, and the regulation of T-cell differentiation
and function
object_opposite:
misc: Involved in TH1 / TH2 differentiation
author_year: Adam T. Waickman and Jonathan D. Powell*/12
journal_volume_page: Immunological Reviews Metabolism and Autophagy in the Immune System Volume 249, Issue 1, pages 43–58, September 20TH1 TH2 differentiatin
object_opposite:
misc: Involved in TH1 / TH2 differentiation
author_year: Adam T. Waickman and Jonathan D. Powell*/12
journal_volume_page: Immunological Reviews Metabolism and Autophagy in the Immune System Volume 249, Issue 1, pages 43–58, September 20
Tuesday, February 17, 2015
Glycolytic control of MONOcyte memory
bitly reference
video: youtube
http://youtu.be/R45kldE-ink
AMIE ENTRY way of ADVANCED MEDICAL INFORMATIC EDUCATION AND subject query trained immunity
object_opposite: reduced basal respiration rate, increased glucose consumption and lactate production, and higher intracellular ratio of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to its reduced form (NADH). Note that blockage of the pathway blocked the trained memory
misc:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R45kldE-ink video on MONOCYTE
Trained memory. The dectin-1–Akt–mTOR–HIF-1α pathway (mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor–1α) was responsible for the metabolic shift induced by β-glucan
author_year:
September 2014
http://bit.ly/1CE0Rcj
journal_volume_page: Science 26 Vol. 345 no. 6204
http://bit.ly/1CE0Rcj
Synopsis
In addition to immune signaling pathways, glycolysis genes were strongly upregulated in terms of histone modification profiling, and this was validated by RNA sequencing of cells from β-glucan–treated mice. The biochemical characterizations of the β-glucan–trained monocytes revealed elevated aerobic glycolysis with reduced basal respiration rate, increased glucose consumption and lactate production, and higher intracellular ratio of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to its reduced form (NADH). The dectin-1–Akt–mTOR–HIF-1α pathway (mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor–1α) was responsible for the metabolic shift induced by β-glucan. Trained immunity was completely abrogated in monocytes from dectin-1–deficient patients. Blocking of the mTOR–HIF-1α pathway by chemical inhibitors inhibited trained immunity. Mice receiving metformin, an adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator that subsequently inhibits mTOR, lost the trained immunity–induced protection against lethal C. albicans infection. The role of the mTOR–HIF-1α pathway for β-glucan–induced innate immune memory was further validated in myeloid-specific HIF-1α knockout (mHIF-1α KO) mice that, unlike wild-type mice, were not protected against Staphylococcus aureus sepsis.
Wednesday, February 11, 2015
Glycolytic yet sometimes nonmetabolic function of enzymes
In my search for all of the possible connections with known metabolic activity and the cytokine cycle, I am always surprised at new connections. Here is an article citing not only transcription but apoptosis and cell motility to Glycolytic Enzymes. GAPD is
(Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Degydrogenase) performing 2 of the aforementioned processes
subject: glycolytic enzymes -involved in transcription- Hexokinase , LDH, GAPD, Enolase
object_opposite: involved in apoptosis
misc: http://1.usa.gov/1z8XLcC
LDH = Lactate Dehydrogenase GAPD = Gyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase
author_
page: PUb MEdsubject: glycolytic enzymes -involved in transcription- Hexokinase , LDH, GAPD, Enolase
object_opposite: involved in apoptosis
misc: http://1.usa.gov/1z8XLcC LDH = Lactate Dehydrogenase GAPD = Gyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenaseauthor_year: Kim, JW Dang, CVjournal_volume_page: PUb MEd
(Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Degydrogenase) performing 2 of the aforementioned processes
subject: glycolytic enzymes -involved in transcription- Hexokinase , LDH, GAPD, Enolase
object_opposite: involved in apoptosis
misc: http://1.usa.gov/1z8XLcC
LDH = Lactate Dehydrogenase GAPD = Gyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase
author_
page: PUb MEdsubject: glycolytic enzymes -involved in transcription- Hexokinase , LDH, GAPD, Enolase
object_opposite: involved in apoptosis
misc: http://1.usa.gov/1z8XLcC LDH = Lactate Dehydrogenase GAPD = Gyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenaseauthor_year: Kim, JW Dang, CVjournal_volume_page: PUb MEd
Saturday, February 7, 2015
GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE
subject: Glutamate Dehydrogenase= GLDH. Involved in NH3+ production as well as alpha keto glutarate. Activated by ATP ( increased ATP/ADP ratio ), valine. ADP, Leucine, isoleucine, ALLOSTERIC CONTROL. PRODUCES NADH, ATP. HELPS TO PRODUCE INSULIN RELEASE ESPECIALLY IN FACE OF HYPOGLYCEMIA. iNCREASED GLUCOSE MEANS DECREASED GLDH ACTIVITY.VIA LEUCINE/GLUTAMATE CONTROL OF GLDH
object_opposite: Allosteric control ie inhibition - GTP GDP Palmitoyl Coa, ZN+2 ADP DIMINISHES. SEE http://bit.ly/1zfltmm
misc: Involved in Glucose (insulin metabolism) and TCA Cycle (isoleucine) as well as urea cycles (alpha keto glutarate) oxalo acid).The control of GDH through ADP-ribosylation is particularly important in insulin-producing β cells. Beta cells secrete insulin in response to an increase in the ATP:ADP ratio, and, as amino acids are broken down by GDH into α-ketoglutarate, this ratio rises and more insulin is secreted. SIRT4 is necessary to regulate the metabolism of amino acids as a method of controlling insulin secretion and regulating blood glucose levels. bit.ly/1zst5GZ
author_year: Public - updated daily bit.ly/1yTot9c
journal_volume_page: Wikipedia see link
object_opposite: Allosteric control ie inhibition - GTP GDP Palmitoyl Coa, ZN+2 ADP DIMINISHES. SEE http://bit.ly/1zfltmm
misc: Involved in Glucose (insulin metabolism) and TCA Cycle (isoleucine) as well as urea cycles (alpha keto glutarate) oxalo acid).The control of GDH through ADP-ribosylation is particularly important in insulin-producing β cells. Beta cells secrete insulin in response to an increase in the ATP:ADP ratio, and, as amino acids are broken down by GDH into α-ketoglutarate, this ratio rises and more insulin is secreted. SIRT4 is necessary to regulate the metabolism of amino acids as a method of controlling insulin secretion and regulating blood glucose levels. bit.ly/1zst5GZ
author_year: Public - updated daily bit.ly/1yTot9c
journal_volume_page: Wikipedia see link
GLUTAMATE- http://bit.ly/1C5od86
subject: TRANSCIPTION ENHANCED BY HISTONE ACETLYTRANSFERASE (HAT) ACETLAATION = IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN THIS CATEGORY
object_opposite: nOTE HISTONE DEACYTYLASE (hdac) IS AN ANTITRANSCRIPTION OR DOWNREGULATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION- LESS ACCESSIBLE DNA ESSENTIAL NOTION OF DEACETLAATION
misc: SEE TRANSCIPTION FACTORS WIKIPEDIA http://bit.ly/1CFPHq2
author_year: PUBLIC
journal_volume_page: WIKIPEDIA
subject: TRANSCIPTION ENHANCED BY HISTONE ACETLYTRANSFERASE (HAT) ACETLAATION = IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN THIS CATEGORY
object_opposite: nOTE HISTONE DEACYTYLASE (hdac) IS AN ANTITRANSCRIPTION OR DOWNREGULATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION- LESS ACCESSIBLE DNA ESSENTIAL NOTION OF DEACETLAATION
misc: SEE TRANSCIPTION FACTORS WIKIPEDIA http://bit.ly/1CFPHq2
author_year: PUBLIC
journal_volume_page: WIKIPEDIA
GPDH GLCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE
subject: G3pDH and its mRNA utilized to determine the action of transcription and its
object_opposite: No proliferation due to lack of TRANSCRIPTION AND HENCE TRANSLATION.
misc: Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase, Hela ells involved in this study. HOUSEKEEPING
author_year: DANI,CHRSTIAN Audigier,Yves PIECHACZYK,MARK/94
journal_volume_page: eUR jOURNAL OF bIOCHEM/145/299-304
subject: G6PDH = CATALYZES 6TH STEP OF GLYCOLYSIS = GLYCERALDEHYDE-3 -phosphate DEHYDROGENASE
object_opposite: oeprenyl arsenate both inhibit this enzyme
misc: http://bit.ly/1v8YTLH g6pdh- tRNA BINDING -http://bit.ly/1zjgCk4 calcitriol gene control-http://bit.ly/1vxVKLj Houssekeeping enzyme-http://bit.ly/1DQ3yHA PRODUCT IS GLYCERATE 1-3 BIPHOSPHATE
author_year: http://bit.ly/1D8En4x -wikepedia
journal_volume_page: WIKIPEDIA http://bit.ly/1v8YTLH
ubject: trna. transfer rna. has anticodon. Translation = protein formation. @ rrna.ribosomal rna. c mrna = messenger RNA < transcription product >
object_opposite: anti codon > trna
misc:
author_year:
journal_volume_page: guyton.30-35
subject: TRANSCRIPTION ENHANCED BY HISTONE ACETLYTRANSFERASE (HAT) ACETLAATION = IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN THIS CATEGORY
object_opposite: nOTE HISTONE DEACYTYLASE (hdac) IS AN ANTITRANSCRIPTION OR DOWNREGULATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION- LESS ACCESSIBLE DNA ESSENTIAL NOTION OF DEACETLAATION
misc: SEE TRANSCIPTION FACTORS WIKIPEDIA http://bit.ly/1CFPHq2
author_year: PUBLIC
journal_volume_page: WIKIPEDIA
object_opposite: No proliferation due to lack of TRANSCRIPTION AND HENCE TRANSLATION.
misc: Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase, Hela ells involved in this study. HOUSEKEEPING
author_year: DANI,CHRSTIAN Audigier,Yves PIECHACZYK,MARK/94
journal_volume_page: eUR jOURNAL OF bIOCHEM/145/299-304
subject: G6PDH = CATALYZES 6TH STEP OF GLYCOLYSIS = GLYCERALDEHYDE-3 -phosphate DEHYDROGENASE
object_opposite: oeprenyl arsenate both inhibit this enzyme
misc: http://bit.ly/1v8YTLH g6pdh- tRNA BINDING -http://bit.ly/1zjgCk4 calcitriol gene control-http://bit.ly/1vxVKLj Houssekeeping enzyme-http://bit.ly/1DQ3yHA PRODUCT IS GLYCERATE 1-3 BIPHOSPHATE
author_year: http://bit.ly/1D8En4x -wikepedia
journal_volume_page: WIKIPEDIA http://bit.ly/1v8YTLH
ubject: trna. transfer rna. has anticodon. Translation = protein formation. @ rrna.ribosomal rna. c mrna = messenger RNA < transcription product >
object_opposite: anti codon > trna
misc:
author_year:
journal_volume_page: guyton.30-35
subject: TRANSCRIPTION ENHANCED BY HISTONE ACETLYTRANSFERASE (HAT) ACETLAATION = IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN THIS CATEGORY
object_opposite: nOTE HISTONE DEACYTYLASE (hdac) IS AN ANTITRANSCRIPTION OR DOWNREGULATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION- LESS ACCESSIBLE DNA ESSENTIAL NOTION OF DEACETLAATION
misc: SEE TRANSCIPTION FACTORS WIKIPEDIA http://bit.ly/1CFPHq2
author_year: PUBLIC
journal_volume_page: WIKIPEDIA
MORE ON GLDH INSULIN CONNECTION AND ITS CONTROLS
subject: Glutamate Dehydrogenase= GLDH. Involved in NH3+ production as well as alpha keto glutarate. Activated by ATP ( increased ATP/ADP ratio ), valine. ADP, Leucine, isoleucine, ALLOSTERIC CONTROL. PRODUCES NADH, ATP. HELPS TO PRODUCE INSULIN RELEASE ESPECIALLY IN FACE OF HYPOGLYCEMIA. iNCREASED GLUCOSE MEANS DECREASED GLDH ACTIVITY.VIA LEUCINE/GLUTAMATE CONTROL OF GLDH
object_opposite: Allosteric control ie inhibition - GTP GDP Palmitoyl Coa, ZN+2 ADP DIMINISHES. SEE http://bit.ly/1zfltmm
misc: Involved in Glucose (insulin metabolism) and TCA Cycle (isoleucine) as well as urea cycles (alpha keto glutarate) oxalo acid).The control of GDH through ADP-ribosylation is particularly important in insulin-producing β cells. Beta cells secrete insulin in response to an increase in the ATP:ADP ratio, and, as amino acids are broken down by GDH into α-ketoglutarate, this ratio rises and more insulin is secreted. SIRT4 is necessary to regulate the metabolism of amino acids as a method of controlling insulin secretion and regulating blood glucose levels. bit.ly/1zst5GZ
author_year: Public - updated daily bit.ly/1yTot9c
journal_volume_page: Wikipedia see link
subject: TRANSCIPTION ENHANCED BY HISTONE ACETLYTRANSFERASE (HAT) ACETLAATION = IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN THIS CATEGORY
object_opposite: nOTE HISTONE DEACYTYLASE (hdac) IS AN ANTITRANSCRIPTION OR DOWNREGULATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION- LESS ACCESSIBLE DNA ESSENTIAL NOTION OF DEACETLAATION
misc: SEE TRANSCIPTION FACTORS WIKIPEDIA http://bit.ly/1CFPHq2
author_year: PUBLIC
journal_volume_page: WIKIPEDIA
object_opposite: Allosteric control ie inhibition - GTP GDP Palmitoyl Coa, ZN+2 ADP DIMINISHES. SEE http://bit.ly/1zfltmm
misc: Involved in Glucose (insulin metabolism) and TCA Cycle (isoleucine) as well as urea cycles (alpha keto glutarate) oxalo acid).The control of GDH through ADP-ribosylation is particularly important in insulin-producing β cells. Beta cells secrete insulin in response to an increase in the ATP:ADP ratio, and, as amino acids are broken down by GDH into α-ketoglutarate, this ratio rises and more insulin is secreted. SIRT4 is necessary to regulate the metabolism of amino acids as a method of controlling insulin secretion and regulating blood glucose levels. bit.ly/1zst5GZ
author_year: Public - updated daily bit.ly/1yTot9c
journal_volume_page: Wikipedia see link
subject: TRANSCIPTION ENHANCED BY HISTONE ACETLYTRANSFERASE (HAT) ACETLAATION = IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN THIS CATEGORY
object_opposite: nOTE HISTONE DEACYTYLASE (hdac) IS AN ANTITRANSCRIPTION OR DOWNREGULATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION- LESS ACCESSIBLE DNA ESSENTIAL NOTION OF DEACETLAATION
misc: SEE TRANSCIPTION FACTORS WIKIPEDIA http://bit.ly/1CFPHq2
author_year: PUBLIC
journal_volume_page: WIKIPEDIA
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